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Does being too clean and hygienic impair the immune systems of children?

The theory that modern society is too clean for children's immune systems to develop fully is prevalent. It is believed that the more exposure to dirt and germs, the more the baby's body works to manufacture antibodies for the germs in the environment.

Baby in clean environment

However, a recent study by researchers at University College London (UCL) and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine reveals that all this is much ado about nothing.

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In a paper published in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, researchers point to four significant reasons that, they say, disprove this theory and conclude we are not "too clean for our own good."

Lead author, emeritus professor of medical microbiology Graham Rook (UCL Infection & Immunity), said: "Exposure to microorganisms in early life is essential for the 'education' of the immune and metabolic systems. Organisms that populate our guts, skin, and airways also play an important role in maintaining our health right into old age: so throughout life we need exposure to these beneficial microorganisms, derived mostly from our mothers, other family members, and the natural environment. But for more than 20 years there has been a public narrative that hand and domestic hygiene practices, that are essential for stopping exposure to disease-causing pathogens, are also blocking exposure to the beneficial organisms.

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In this paper, we set out to reconcile the apparent conflict between the need for cleaning and hygiene to keep us free of pathogens, and the need for microbial inputs to populate our guts and set up our immune and metabolic systems."

In a review of evidence, the researchers point to four factors.

  • Firstly, the microorganisms found in a modern home are, to a significant degree, not the ones that we need for immunity.
  • Secondly, vaccines, in addition to protecting us from the infection that they target, do a lot more to strengthen our immune systems, so we now know that we do not need to risk death by being exposed to the pathogens.
  • Thirdly, we now have concrete evidence that the microorganisms of the natural green environment are particularly important for our health; domestic cleaning and hygiene have no bearing on our exposure to the natural environment.
  • Finally, recent research demonstrates that when epidemiologists find an association between cleaning the home and health problems such as allergies, this is often not caused by the removal of organisms, but rather by exposure of the lungs to cleaning products that cause a type of damage that encourages the development of allergic responses.

Rook added: "So cleaning the home is good, and personal cleanliness is good, but, as explained in some detail in the paper, to prevent the spread of infection it needs to be targeted to hands and surfaces most often involved in infection transmission. By targeting our cleaning practices, we also limit direct exposure of children to cleaning agents. Exposure to our mothers, family members, the natural environment, and vaccines can provide all the microbial inputs that we need."

Prior to this study, the prevalent belief was that being too clean shields a child's immune system from pathogens and it 'forgets' to create the antibodies against germs, causing children to be sick.

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